创新互联OceanBase教程:OceanBase基于代价的查询改写

OceanBase 数据库目前只支持一种基于代价的查询改写——或展开(OR-EXPANSION)。

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数据库中很多高级的改写规则(例如 complex view merge 和窗口函数改写)都需要基于代价进行改写,OceanBase 数据库后续版本会支持这些复杂的改写规则。

或展开(OR-EXPANSION)

OR-EXPANSION 是将一个查询改写成若干个用 UNION 组成的子查询,可以为每个子查询提供更优的优化空间,但是也会导致多个子查询的执行,所以这个改写需要基于代价去判断。

OR-EXPANSION 的改写主要有如下三个作用:

  • 允许每个分支使用不同的索引来加速查询。

    如下例所示,Q1 会被改写成 Q2 的形式,其中 Q2 中的谓词 LNNVL(t1.a = 1) 保证了这两个子查询不会生成重复的结果。如果不进行改写,Q1 一般来说会选择主表作为访问路径,对于 Q2 来说,如果 t1 上存在索引(a)和索引(b),那么该改写可能会让 Q2 中的每一个子查询选择索引作为访问路径。

    Q1: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.b = 1;
    Q2: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM t1.b = 1 
           AND LNNVL(t1.a = 1);

    完整示例如下:

    obclient>CREATE TABLE t1(a INT, b INT, c INT, d INT, e INT, INDEX IDX_a(a), 
             INDEX IDX_b(b));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
    
    /*如果不进行 OR-EXPANSION 的改写,该查询只能使用主表访问路径*/
    obclient> EXPLAIN SELECT/*+NO_REWRITE()*/ * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.b = 1;
    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                         |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ===================================
    |ID|OPERATOR  |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
    -----------------------------------
    |0 |TABLE SCAN|t1  |4        |649 |
    ===================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), filter([t1.a = 1 OR t1.b = 1]),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), partitions(p0)
    
    /*改写之后,每个子查询能使用不同的索引访问路径*/
    obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.b = 1;
    +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                                         |
    +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | =========================================
    |ID|OPERATOR   |NAME     |EST. ROWS|COST|
    -----------------------------------------
    |0 |UNION ALL  |         |3        |190 |
    |1 | TABLE SCAN|t1(idx_a)|2        |94  |
    |2 | TABLE SCAN|t1(idx_b)|1        |95  |
    =========================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([UNION(t1.a, t1.a)], [UNION(t1.b, t1.b)], [UNION(t1.c, t1.c)], [UNION(t1.d, t1.d)], [UNION(t1.e, t1.e)]), filter(nil)
      1 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), partitions(p0)
      2 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), filter([lnnvl(t1.a = 1)]),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b], [t1.c], [t1.d], [t1.e]), partitions(p02
  • 允许每个分支使用不同的连接算法来加速查询,避免使用笛卡尔联接。

    如下例所示,Q1 会被改写成 Q2 的形式。对于 Q1 来说,它的联接方式只能是 NESTED LOOP JOIN (笛卡尔乘积), 但是被改写之后,每个子查询都可以选择 NESTED LOOP JOIN、HASH JOIN 或者 MERGE JOIN,这样会有更多的优化空间。

    Q1: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a OR t1.b = t2.b;
    
    Q2: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a UNION ALL
         SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.b = t2.b AND LNNVL(t1.a = t2.a);

    完整示例如下:

    obclient> CREATE TABLE t1(a INT, b INT);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
    
    obclient> CREATE TABLE t2(a INT, b INT);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
    
    /*如果不进行改写,只能使用 NESTED LOOP JOIN*/
    obclient> EXPLAIN SELECT/*+NO_REWRITE()*/ * FROM t1, t2 
           WHERE t1.a = t2.a OR t1.b = t2.b;
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                                          |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ===========================================
    |ID|OPERATOR        |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST  |
    -------------------------------------------
    |0 |NESTED-LOOP JOIN|    |3957     |585457|
    |1 | TABLE SCAN     |t1  |1000     |499   |
    |2 | TABLE SCAN     |t2  |4        |583   |
    ===========================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t2.a], [t2.b]), filter(nil),
          conds(nil), nl_params_([t1.a], [t1.b])
      1 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0)
      2 - output([t2.a], [t2.b]), filter([? = t2.a OR ? = t2.b]),
          access([t2.a], [t2.b]), partitions(p0)
    
    /*被改写之后,每个子查询都使用了 HASH JOIN*/
    obclient>  EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a OR t1.b = t2.b;
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                                         |
    +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    |ID|OPERATOR    |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
    -------------------------------------
    |0 |UNION ALL   |    |2970     |9105|
    |1 | HASH JOIN  |    |1980     |3997|
    |2 |  TABLE SCAN|t1  |1000     |499 |
    |3 |  TABLE SCAN|t2  |1000     |499 |
    |4 | HASH JOIN  |    |990      |3659|
    |5 |  TABLE SCAN|t1  |1000     |499 |
    |6 |  TABLE SCAN|t2  |1000     |499 |
    =====================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([UNION(t1.a, t1.a)], [UNION(t1.b, t1.b)], [UNION(t2.a, t2.a)], [UNION(t2.b, t2.b)]), filter(nil)
      1 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t2.a], [t2.b]), filter(nil),
          equal_conds([t1.a = t2.a]), other_conds(nil)
      2 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0)
      3 - output([t2.a], [t2.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t2.a], [t2.b]), partitions(p0)
      4 - output([t1.a], [t1.b], [t2.a], [t2.b]), filter(nil),
          equal_conds([t1.b = t2.b]), other_conds([lnnvl(t1.a = t2.a)])
      5 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0)
      6 - output([t2.a], [t2.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t2.a], [t2.b]), partitions(p0)
  • 允许每个分支分别消除排序,更加快速的获取 TOP-K 结果。

    如下例所示,Q1 会被改写成 Q2。对于 Q1 来说,执行方式是只能把满足条件的行数找出来,然后进行排序,最终取 TOP-10 结果。对于 Q2 来说,如果存在索引(a,b), 那么 Q2 中的两个子查询都可以使用索引把排序消除,每个子查询取 TOP-10 结果,然后最终对这 20 行数据排序一下取出最终的 TOP-10 行。

    Q1: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.a = 2 ORDER BY b LIMIT 10;
    
    Q2: 
    obclient>SELECT * FROM  
        (SELECT * FROM  t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 ORDER BY b LIMIT 10 UNION ALL
         SELECT * FROM  t1 WHERE t1.a = 2 ORDER BY b LIMIT 10) AS TEMP
        ORDER BY temp.b LIMIT 10;

    完整示例如下:

    obclient> CREATE TABLE t1(a INT, b INT, INDEX IDX_a(a, b));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)
    
    /*不改写的话,需要排序最终获取 TOP-K 结果*/
    obclient> EXPLAIN SELECT/*+NO_REWRITE()*/ * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.a = 2 
            ORDER BY b LIMIT 10;
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                                         |
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ==========================================
    |ID|OPERATOR    |NAME     |EST. ROWS|COST|
    ------------------------------------------
    |0 |LIMIT       |         |4        |77  |
    |1 | TOP-N SORT |         |4        |76  |
    |2 |  TABLE SCAN|t1(idx_a)|4        |73  |
    ==========================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil), limit(10), offset(nil)
      1 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil), sort_keys([t1.b, ASC]), topn(10)
      2 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0)
    
    /* 进行改写的话,排序算子可以被消除,最终获取 TOP-K 结果*/
    obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a = 1 OR t1.a = 2 
            ORDER BY b LIMIT 10;
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Query Plan                                                                                          |
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | ===========================================
    |ID|OPERATOR     |NAME     |EST. ROWS|COST|
    -------------------------------------------
    |0 |LIMIT        |         |3        |76  |
    |1 | TOP-N SORT  |         |3        |76  |
    |2 |  UNION ALL  |         |3        |74  |
    |3 |   TABLE SCAN|t1(idx_a)|2        |37  |
    |4 |   TABLE SCAN|t1(idx_a)|1        |37  |
    ===========================================
    
    Outputs & filters:
    -------------------------------------
      0 - output([UNION(t1.a, t1.a)], [UNION(t1.b, t1.b)]), filter(nil), limit(10), offset(nil)
      1 - output([UNION(t1.a, t1.a)], [UNION(t1.b, t1.b)]), filter(nil), sort_keys([UNION(t1.b, t1.b), ASC]), topn(10)
      2 - output([UNION(t1.a, t1.a)], [UNION(t1.b, t1.b)]), filter(nil)
      3 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter(nil),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0),
          limit(10), offset(nil)
      4 - output([t1.a], [t1.b]), filter([lnnvl(t1.a = 1)]),
          access([t1.a], [t1.b]), partitions(p0),
          limit(10), offset(nil)

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