1、可重入锁ReentrantLock,相当于synchronized块,为临界区提供互斥访问机制。
(1) 相关的接口
创建一个可重入锁
- Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
请求锁,如果锁被当前另一个线程持有,则阻塞。
- void lock();
释放锁
- void unlock();
非阻塞型lock()
- boolean tryLock();
(2) 使用基本结构
- locker.lock();
- try{
- //code here to access the cirtical section
- }finally{
- locker.unlock();
- }
这种结构保证在任何时刻只有一个线程能够进入临界区,如果一个线程锁住了锁对象,其他任何线程在调用lock时,都会被阻塞,直到第一个线程释放锁对象。而且无论try块是否抛出异常,都会执行finally block,解锁locker。
(3) 锁的可重入性
锁是可重入的,线程能够重复地获取它已经拥有的锁。锁对象维护一个持有计数(hold count)来追踪对lock方法的嵌套调用。线程在每次调用lock后都要调用unlock来释放锁。由于这个特性,被一个锁保护的代码可以调用另一个使用相同锁的方法。
(4) 示例代码:
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
- class WorkerOne extends Thread{
- private Lock locker;
- public WorkerOne (Lock locker){
- this.locker = locker;
- }
- public void run(){
- locker.lock();
- try{
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":step into critical section");
- }finally{
- locker.unlock();
- }
- }
- }
- class WorkerTwo extends Thread{
- private Lock locker;
- public WorkerTwo (Lock locker){
- this.locker = locker;
- }
- public void sayHello(){
- locker.lock();
- try{ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":call sayHello()");
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }finally{
- locker.unlock();
- }
- }
- public void run(){
- locker.lock();
- try{ System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":setp into critical section");
- //测试锁的可重入性
- sayHello();
- }finally{
- locker.unlock();
- }
- }
- }
- public class Test5 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Lock locker = new ReentrantLock();
- WorkerOne wo= new WorkerOne(locker);
- wo.setName("WorkerOne");
- WorkerTwo wt = new WorkerTwo(locker);
- wt.setName("WorkerTwo");
- wt.start();
- wo.start();
- }
- }
输出:
WorkerTwo:setp into critical section WorkerTwo:call sayHello() WorkerOne:step into critical section
2、条件对象Condition,相当于wait-notify机制,提供一种线程间的等待通知机制,condition中的等待-通知方法是await(),signal(),signalAll(),也需要在互斥环境下被调用。
(1) 相关的接口
创建Condition对象,Condition对象是跟Lock关联在一起的。
- Lock locker = new ReentrantLock();
- Condition cond = locker.newCondition();
把此线程放到条件的等待集中。
- void await();
解除此条件的等待集中所有线程的阻塞状态。
- void signalAll();
在此条件的等待集中随机选择一个线程,解除其阻塞状态。
- void signal();
(2) 使用的基本结构:
- //初始时ok_to_proceed为false.
- locker.lock()
- try{
- while(!ok_to_proceed){
- //进入等待此条件集中,被阻塞,它维持状态直到另一个线程调用同一个条件上的。
- //signalAll/signal方法时为止。
- cond.await();
- }
- }finally{
- cker.unlock();
- }
- locker.lock();
- try{
- //调用将解除所有等待此条件下的线程的阻塞状态。当线程从等待集中被移走时,它们将再次成为可运行的,调度器将再次激活它们
- //此时,它们将试图重新进入对象。一旦锁可获得,它们中的某个线程将从await调用返回,从而获得锁并从它被阻塞的地方继续执行。
- ok_to_proceed = true;
- cond.signalAll() or cond.signal();
- }finally{
- locker.unlock();
- }
ok_to_proceed也是为了防止wait-notify出现的问题,即再wait之间,notify()已经给出通知,此时wait只会一直等待下去,这样就保证了signal()线程的通知被await()线程接收到。
(3) 测试代码:
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
- class GlobalV{
- public final static Lock locker = new ReentrantLock();
- public final static Condition cond = locker.newCondition();
- public static boolean to_proceed = false;
- }
- class Response extends Thread{
- public void run(){
- while(true){
- GlobalV.locker.lock();
- try{
- while(!GlobalV.to_proceed){
- GlobalV.cond.await();
- }
- System.out.println("Response:finish a job");
- GlobalV.to_proceed = false;
- }catch(Exception e){
- e.printStackTrace();
- }finally{
- GlobalV.locker.unlock();
- }
- }
- }
- }
- class Request extends Thread{
- public void run(){
- while(true){
- GlobalV.locker.lock();
- try{
- GlobalV.to_proceed = true;
- GlobalV.cond.signalAll();
- System.out.println("Request:send a job to Response");
- }finally{
- GlobalV.locker.unlock();
- }
- try {
- Thread.sleep(2000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }
- public class Test6 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Request req = new Request();
- Response res = new Response();
- req.start();
- res.start();
- }
- }
输出:
Request:send a job to Response Response:finish a job Request:send a job to Response Response:finish a job Request:send a job to Response Response:finish a job Request:send a job to Response Response:finish a job
#p#
3、读写锁ReentrantReadWriteLock,适用于"读多写少"的多线程应用场景,"读-写"互斥,"写-写"互斥,而读-读可以共享同读锁,即一个线程获取读锁,其它线程可直接进入读,不会被阻塞。
(1) 相关接口
创建读写锁对象
- ReentrantReadWriteLock rwLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
获取读锁
- Lock readLock = rwLock.readLock();
获取写锁
- Lock writeLock = rwLock.writeLock();
(2).读写锁使用基本结构
- //对所有的读操作添加读锁
- readLock.lock();
- try{
- //code to read
- }finally{
- readLock.unlock();
- }
- //对所有的写操作添加写锁
- writeLock.lock();
- try{
- //code to write
- }finally{
- writeLock.unlock();
- }
(3) 测试代码:
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
- import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
- class Reader extends Thread {
- private Lock readLock = null;
- public Reader(Lock readLock) {
- this.readLock = readLock;
- }
- public void run() {
- while (true) {
- readLock.lock();
- try {
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
- + ":read action for 1 seconds-"+ReadWriteLock.testVal);
- } finally {
- readLock.unlock();
- }
- try {
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }
- class Writer extends Thread {
- private Lock writeLock = null;
- public Writer(Lock writeLock) {
- this.writeLock = writeLock;
- }
- public void run() {
- while (true) {
- writeLock.lock();
- try {
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
- + ":write action for 2 seconds");
- if(ReadWriteLock.testVal.equals("1111"))
- ReadWriteLock.testVal = "2222";
- else
- ReadWriteLock.testVal = "1111";
- } finally {
- writeLock.unlock();
- }
- try {
- Thread.sleep(2000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }
- public class ReadWriteLock {
- public static String testVal = "Initiation";
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
- Lock readLock = lock.readLock();
- Lock writeLock = lock.writeLock();
- Reader reader1 = new Reader(readLock);
- reader1.setName("reader1");
- Reader reader2 = new Reader(readLock);
- reader2.setName("reader2");
- Reader reader3 = new Reader(readLock);
- reader3.setName("reader3");
- Reader reader4 = new Reader(readLock);
- reader4.setName("reader4");
- Writer writer = new Writer(writeLock);
- writer.setName("writer1");
- reader1.start();
- reader2.start();
- reader3.start();
- reader4.start();
- writer.start();
- }
- }
输出:
reader1:read action for 1 seconds-Initiation reader3:read action for 1 seconds-Initiation writer1:write action for 2 seconds reader2:read action for 1 seconds-1111 reader4:read action for 1 seconds-1111 reader3:read action for 1 seconds-1111 reader1:read action for 1 seconds-1111 reader4:read action for 1 seconds-1111 reader2:read action for 1 seconds-1111 writer1:write action for 2 seconds reader4:read action for 1 seconds-2222 reader1:read action for 1 seconds-2222 reader3:read action for 1 seconds-2222 reader2:read action for 1 seconds-2222
4、总结
Lock接口替代synchronized
Lock接口可以比sychronized提供更广泛的锁定操作,可以提供多把不同的锁,且锁之间互不干涉。
Lock接口提供lock()与unlock()方法,使用明确调用来完成同步的,OO思想好于前者。
Lock可以自由操控同步范围(scope)。
Lock接口支持nested lock(嵌套锁定),并提供了丰富的api。
Lock接口提供了tryLock()方法,支持尝试取得某个object lock。
分享标题:去故就新Java线程新同步机制
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