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前言
在使用多线程并发编程的时,经常会遇到对共享变量修改操作。此时我们可以选择ConcurrentHashMap,ConcurrentLinkedQueue来进行安全地存储数据。但如果单单是涉及状态的修改,线程执行顺序问题,使用Atomic开头的原子组件或者ReentrantLock、CyclicBarrier之类的同步组件,会是更好的选择,下面将一一介绍它们的原理和用法
原子组件的实现原理CAS
应用场景
原子组件
基本类型原子类
- AtomicBoolean //布尔类型
- AtomicInteger //正整型数类型
- AtomicLong //长整型类型
使用示例
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- AtomicBoolean atomicBoolean = new AtomicBoolean(false);
- //异步线程修改atomicBoolean
- CompletableFuture
future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() ->{ - try {
- Thread.sleep(1000); //保证异步线程是在主线程之后修改atomicBoolean为false
- atomicBoolean.set(false);
- }catch (Exception e){
- throw new RuntimeException(e);
- }
- });
- atomicBoolean.set(true);
- future.join();
- System.out.println("boolean value is:"+atomicBoolean.get());
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- boolean value is:false
引用类原子类
- AtomicReference
- //加时间戳版本的引用类原子类
- AtomicStampedReference
- //相当于AtomicStampedReference,AtomicMarkableReference关心的是
- //变量是否还是原来变量,中间被修改过也无所谓
- AtomicMarkableReference
- public class AtomicReference
implements java.io.Serializable { - private static final long serialVersionUID = -1848883965231344442L;
- private static final VarHandle VALUE;
- static {
- try {
- MethodHandles.Lookup l = MethodHandles.lookup();
- VALUE = l.findVarHandle(AtomicReference.class, "value", Object.class);
- } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
- throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
- }
- }
- private volatile V value;
- ....
ABA问题
- public class AtomicStampedReference
{ - private static class Pair
{ - final T reference;
- final int stamp;
- private Pair(T reference, int stamp) {
- this.reference = reference;
- this.stamp = stamp;
- }
- static
Pair of(T reference, int stamp) { - return new Pair
(reference, stamp); - }
- }
- private volatile Pair
pair;
- public class Main {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- Test old = new Test("hello"), newTest = new Test("world");
- AtomicStampedReference
reference = new AtomicStampedReference<>(old, 1); - reference.compareAndSet(old, newTest,1,2);
- System.out.println("对象:"+reference.getReference().name+";版本号:"+reference.getStamp());
- }
- }
- class Test{
- Test(String name){ this.name = name; }
- public String name;
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- 对象:world;版本号:2
数组原子类
- AtomicIntegerArray //整型数组
- AtomicLongArray //长整型数组
- AtomicReferenceArray //引用类型数组
- //元素默认初始化为0
- AtomicIntegerArray array = new AtomicIntegerArray(2);
- // 下标为0的元素,期待值是0,更新值是1
- array.compareAndSet(0,0,1);
- System.out.println(array.get(0));
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- 1
属性原子类
- AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater
- AtomicLongFieldUpdater
- AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater
- public class Main {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater
fieldUpdater = AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Test.class,String.class,"name"); - Test test = new Test("hello world");
- fieldUpdater.compareAndSet(test,"hello world","siting");
- System.out.println(fieldUpdater.get(test));
- System.out.println(test.name);
- }
- }
- class Test{
- Test(String name){ this.name = name; }
- public volatile String name;
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- siting
- siting
累加器
- Striped64
- LongAccumulator
- LongAdder
- //accumulatorFunction:运算规则,identity:初始值
- public LongAccumulator(LongBinaryOperator accumulatorFunction,long identity)
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- LongAccumulator accumulator = new LongAccumulator(Long::sum, 0);
- for(int i=0;i<100000;i++){
- CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> accumulator.accumulate(1));
- }
- Thread.sleep(1000); //等待全部CompletableFuture线程执行完成,再获取
- System.out.println(accumulator.get());
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- 100000
同步组件的实现原理
java的多数同步组件会在内部维护一个状态值,和原子组件一样,修改状态值时一般也是通过cas来实现。而状态修改的维护工作被Doug Lea抽象出AbstractQueuedSynchronizer(AQS)来实现
AQS的原理可以看下之前写的一篇文章:详解锁原理,synchronized、volatile+cas底层实现[2]
同步组件
ReentrantLock、ReentrantReadWriteLock
- ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
- if(lock.tryLock()){
- //业务逻辑
- lock.unlock();
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
- if(lock.readLock().tryLock()){ //读锁
- //业务逻辑
- lock.readLock().unlock();
- }
- if(lock.writeLock().tryLock()){ //写锁
- //业务逻辑
- lock.writeLock().unlock();
- }
- }
Semaphore实现原理和使用场景
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(2);
- for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
- CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
- try {
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().toString() + " start ");
- if(semaphore.tryAcquire(1)){
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- semaphore.release(1);
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().toString() + " 无阻塞结束 ");
- }else {
- System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().toString() + " 被阻塞结束 ");
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {
- throw new RuntimeException(e);
- }
- });
- //保证CompletableFuture 线程被执行,主线程再结束
- Thread.sleep(2000);
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-19,5,main] start
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-5,5,main] start
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-23,5,main] start
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-23,5,main] 被阻塞结束
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-5,5,main] 无阻塞结束
- Thread[ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-19,5,main] 无阻塞结束
可以看出三个线程,因为信号量设定为2,第三个线程是无法获取信息成功的,会打印阻塞结束
CountDownLatch实现原理和使用场景
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- CountDownLatch count = new CountDownLatch(2);
- for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
- CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- System.out.println(" CompletableFuture over ");
- count.countDown();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- throw new RuntimeException(e);
- }
- });
- //等待CompletableFuture线程的完成
- count.await();
- System.out.println(" main over ");
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- CompletableFuture over
- CompletableFuture over
- main over
CyclicBarrier实现原理和使用场景
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(2);
- CompletableFuture.runAsync(()->{
- try {
- System.out.println("CompletableFuture run start-"+ Clock.systemUTC().millis());
- barrier.await(); //需要等待main线程也执行到await状态才能继续执行
- System.out.println("CompletableFuture run over-"+ Clock.systemUTC().millis());
- }catch (Exception e){
- throw new RuntimeException(e);
- }
- });
- Thread.sleep(1000);
- //和CompletableFuture线程相互等待
- barrier.await();
- System.out.println("main run over!");
- }
- ---------------输出结果------------------
- CompletableFuture run start-1609822588881
- main run over!
- CompletableFuture run over-1609822589880
StampedLock
- //获取读锁,自旋获取,返回一个戳值
- public long readLock()
- //尝试加读锁,不成功返回0
- public long tryReadLock()
- //解锁
- public void unlockRead(long stamp)
- //获取写锁,自旋获取,返回一个戳值
- public long writeLock()
- //尝试加写锁,不成功返回0
- public long tryWriteLock()
- //解锁
- public void unlockWrite(long stamp)
- //尝试乐观读读取一个时间戳,并配合validate方法校验时间戳的有效性
- public long tryOptimisticRead()
- //验证stamp是否有效
- public boolean validate(long stamp)
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- StampedLock stampedLock = new StampedLock();
- long stamp = stampedLock.tryOptimisticRead();
- //判断版本号是否生效
- if (!stampedLock.validate(stamp)) {
- //获取读锁,会空转
- stamp = stampedLock.readLock();
- long writeStamp = stampedLock.tryConvertToWriteLock(stamp);
- if (writeStamp != 0) { //成功转为写锁
- //fixme 业务操作
- stampedLock.unlockWrite(writeStamp);
- } else {
- stampedLock.unlockRead(stamp);
- //尝试获取写读
- stamp = stampedLock.tryWriteLock();
- if (stamp != 0) {
- //fixme 业务操作
- stampedLock.unlockWrite(writeStamp);
- }
- }
- }
- }
参考文章
参考资料
[1]详解锁原理,synchronized、volatile+cas底层实现: https://juejin.cn/post/6854573210768900110
[2]详解锁原理,synchronized、volatile+cas底层实现: https://juejin.cn/post/6854573210768900110
[3]并发之Striped64(l累加器): https://www.cnblogs.com/gosaint/p/9129867.html
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