WAF指纹探测及识别技术

Web应用防护系统(也称:网站应用级入侵防御系统。英文:Web Application Firewall,简称: WAF)。利用国际上公认的一种说法:Web应用防火墙是通过执行一系列针对HTTP/HTTPS的安全策略来专门为Web应用提供保护的一款产品。本文介绍了常见的WAF指纹识别的一些技术,详见如下:

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一、WAF指纹

Cookie值

Citrix Netscaler

“Citrix Netscaler”会在HTTP返回头部Cookie位置加入“ns_af”的值,可以以此判断为Citrix Netscaler的WAF,国内此类WAF很少(这货居然是searchsecurity认定的2013最好的防火墙)。

一个恶意的请求示例:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDAQQSDCSC=HGJHINLDNMNFHABGPPBNGFKC; ns_af=31+LrS3EeEOBbxBV7AWDFIEhrn8A000;ns_af_.target.br_%2F_wat=QVNQU0VTU0lPTklEQVFRU0RDU0Nf?6IgJizHRbTRNuNoOpbBOiKRET2gA&
Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0

F5 BIG IP ASM

F5 BiG IP ASM会在Cookie中加入“TS+随机字符串”的Cookie信息,一个非恶意的请求如下:
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.target.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Cookie: target_cem_tl=40FC2190D3B2D4E60AB22C0F9EF155D5; s_fid=77F8544DA30373AC-31AE8C79E13D7394; s_vnum=1388516400627%26vn%3D1; s_nr=1385938565978-New; s_nr2=1385938565979-New; s_lv=1385938565980; s_vi=[CS]v1|294DCEC0051D2761-40000143E003E9DC[CE]; fe_typo_user=7a64cc46ca253f9889675f9b9b79eb66; TSe3b54b=36f2896d9de8a61cf27aea24f35f8ee1abd1a43de557a25c529fe828; TS65374d=041365b3e678cba0e338668580430c26abd1a43de557a25c529fe8285a5ab5a8e5d0f299
Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: max-age=0

HTTP响应

Mod_Security

Mod_Security是为Apache设计的开源Web防护模块,一个恶意的请求Mod_Security会在响应头返回“406 Not acceptable”的信息。

请求:

GET /HTTP/1.1
Host: www.target.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive

响应:

HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable
Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:33:03 GMT
Server: Apache
Content-Length: 226
Keep-Alive: timeout=10, max=30
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
Not Acceptable!

Not Acceptable!

An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.

WebKnight

WebKnight是用来设计在IIS下面使用的WAF设备,较为常见。WebKnight会对恶意的请求返回“999 No Hacking”的信息。

请求:

GET /?PageID=99HTTP/1.1
Host: www.aqtronix.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive

响应:

HTTP/1.1 999 No Hacking
Server: WWW Server/1.1
Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1252
Content-Length: 1160
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-control: no-cache
Expires: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMT

F5 BIG IP

F5 BIG IP会对恶意请求返回“419 Unknown”的信息,如下:

GET /'
dirtravstring = '../../../../etc/passwd'
cleanhtmlstring = 'hello'
isaservermatch = 'Forbidden ( The server denied the specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Contact the server administrator.  )'

使用“python wafw00f.py -h”可以查看工具的使用方法,运行示例:

python wafw00f.py http://www.victim.org/

基于Cookie的检测

Wafw00f的探测大部分是基于Cookie的检测。

F5asm的检测规则如下:

def isf5asm(self):
# credit goes to W3AF
return self.matchcookie('^TS[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,6}=')

基于响应头的检测

Profense在响应头会包含'server','profense'的信息。

def isprofense(self):
"""
Checks for server headers containing "profense"
"""
return self.matchheader(('server','profense'))

sqlmap

Sqlmap是一款检测和利用SQLi漏洞工具,也是基于python编写,业内认同率较高,sqlmap用来探测WAF类型想比较Wafw00f来说还多一些。

参考:

https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tree/master/waf

Sqlmap用来探测每种WAF设备都是一个python文件,同样是从cookie信息或者返回头信息进行判断。

以Mod_Security为例

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
Copyright (c) 2006-2013 sqlmap developers (http://sqlmap.org/)
See the file 'doc/COPYING' for copying permission
"""

import re

from lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADER
from lib.core.settings import WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS

__product__ = "ModSecurity: Open Source Web Application Firewall (Trustwave)"

def detect(get_page):
retval = False

for vector in WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS:
page, headers, code = get_page(get=vector)
retval = code == 501 and re.search(r"Reference #[0-9A-Fa-f.]+", page, re.I) is None
retval |= re.search(r"Mod_Security|NOYB", headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.SERVER, ""), re.I) is not None
if retval:
break
return retval

Sqlmap用来探测WAF的命令如下:

python sqlmap.py -u “http://www.victim.org/ex.php?id=1” --identify-waf

貌似必须是或自己修改的类似动态参数才能使用。

xenoitx

检测和利用XSS漏洞的神器,WAF检测也是其中的功能之一。

本文名称:WAF指纹探测及识别技术
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